BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 



NO. 336 

Engineering Series, Vol. e, No. i, pp. 



TESTS ON THE PERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE 



BY 



FRANCIS MICHAEL McCULLOUGH, B. S. 

Instructor in Mechanics, University of Wisconsin 



RESEARCHES IN APPLIED MECHANICS 
Edward R. Maurer, Professor of Mechanics 



MADISON, WISCONSIN 
November, 1909 

PRICE 25 CENTS 



'; graph 




BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 

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BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 

NO. 3XG 

Engineering Series, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 1-36 



TESTS OX THE PERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE 



BY 

FRANCIS MICHAEL McCULLOUGH, B. S. 

Instructor in Mechanics, University of Wisconsi7i 



RESEARCHES IN APPLIED MECHANICS 
Edward R. Mattrer, Professor of Mechanics 



MADISON, WISCONSIN 
November, 1909 



1? 



CONTENTS 



i. 
ii. 

in. 

IV. 

v. 



VI. 



Introduction 5 

Conclusions G 

Permeability Apparal us and Materials 7 

Method of Making- the Specimens and of Performing the Tests.. 10 

Results of Experiments 12 

1. Compounds Applied to the Surface of the Concrete 14 

2. Compounds Added to the Body of the Concrete 18 

3. Compounds Added to a Mortar Coating 17 

4. Plain Mortar Coatings and Plain Concrete 18 

Compression Tests on Concrete 19 



Figures 

1. Apparatus for Testing' Permeability 8 

2. Section of Mold and Casting- 8 

3. Methods of Finishing Upper Surface of Specimen 13 



I. 

II. 

III. 

IV. 



VI. 
VII. 
VIII. 

IX. 

X. 

XI. 

XII. 

XIII. 

XIV. 

XV. 

XVI. 

XVII. 



0. Pressure, 40 lbs/in' 2 . . . 
Compound. Pressure, 21 



21 
21 
22 

23 

24 



Tables 

Analysis of Stone 

Analysis of Sand 

Flow for Des Moines Elaterite No. 
Flow for Universal Damp-Proof 

lbs/in* 

Flow for Universal Damp-Proof Compound. Pressure, 36 

lbs/in 2 

Flow for Antihydrine. Pressure, 20^ lbs/in" 2 25 

Flow for Antihydrine. Pressure, 40 lbs/in 2 26 

Flow for Flexible Compound and White Lead. Pressure, 21 

lbs/in 2 27 

Flow for Flexible Compound and White Lead. Pressure, 36 

lbs/in 2 

Flow for Dehydratine No. 4 and Tarred Roofing Paper. Pres 

sure, 40 lbs/in 2 

Flow for Coatine. Pressure, 20 lbs/in 2 

Flow for Coatine. Pressure, 38 lbs/in 2 

Flow for Antihydro. Pressure, 40 lbs/in 2 

Flow for Antihydro. Pressure, 20 lbs/in 2 33 

Flow for Plain Mortar. Pressure, 39 lbs/in 2 34 

Flow for Plain Mortar. Pressure, 19| lbs/in 2 35 

Compressive Strength of Concrete 36 



TESTS OX THE PERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE 



I. INTRODUCTION 



This bulletin is a report of a series of permeability tests made 
in the laboratory for testing materials at the University of Wis- 
consin during the summer and fall of 1908. The object of the 
tests was to determine the efficiency of some of the commercial 
compounds used for the water proofing of concrete. 

Tests were made 'on fourteen compounds, each compound be- 
ing subjected ordinarily to pressures of approximately 20 lbs/in 2 
and 40 lbs/in 2 . The duration of the test was usually three days, 
and a record was kept of the amount of water entering the con- 
crete. 

In order to ascertain the effect on the strength of concrete of 
the compounds which are added to the body of the concrete, 
compression specimens were made. Three of the compounds 
were tested in this manner, the specimens being broken at the 
ages of approximately 1, 2 and 10 months. 

This work is a partial repetition and a continuation of a 
thesis completed by S. R. Hatch and H. E. Ketchum of the class 
of 1907. Due acknowledgment is made to them for their valu- 
able assistance in designing the apparatus used for these tests. 
'M. O. "Withey and A. H. Miller, of the department of mechanics, 
also rendered effective service in performing the tests. J. Glaet- 
tli and A. E. Meinecke of the classes of 1909 and 1910, respect- 
ively, made the drawings and tables for this bulletin. 



BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 



II. CONCLUSIONS 

The following conclusions are drawn as the result of the ex- 
periments : 

1. Unless extreme care is taken in proportioning, it is neces- 
sary that some form of water proofing be used for a 1 : 3 : 5 con- 
crete for pressures from 20 lbs/in 2 to 40 lbs/in 2 . 

2. For nearly all specimens the rate of flow decreased rapidly 
with time. This was especially marked in the case of the mor- 
tar coatings and was due in part to their dry condition. 

3. All of the surface paints were quite satisfactory at pres- 
sures of 20 lbs/in 2 . When subjected to pressures of 40 lbs/in 2 , 
Des Moines Elaterite No. 60 and Universal Damp-Proof Com- 
pound proved unreliable. The mixture of Flexible Compound 
and white lead gave good results at both pressures. Century 
Cement Fluid was not tested at the high pressure and while 
Antihydrine gave only a small flow at 40 lbs/in-, the results can 
not be compared with those of the other compounds because the 
test was carried on under different conditions. 

4. "Water proofing materials composed of layers of felt, bur- 
lap, or tarred paper, cemented together with a compound, gave 
excellent results at the high pressure. Not one of the specimens 
treated with Hydrex Felt and Compound, Siastex Fabric No. 2 
and Pitch, and Dehydratine No. 4 and tarred roofing paper 
showed any appreciable flow. 

5. Coatine was practically impermeable at the two pressures. 

6. The mortar coatings in the case of Antihydro gave good 
results at both pressures, there being practically no flow after 
the first 24 hours. It is possible, however, that its effectiveness 
was due partly to the method of applying the mortar. For 
waterproofing used in this manner, it would seem desirable to 
apply the mortar in two layers after first covering the concrete 
with a neat cement slush coat. The plain mortar with a neat 
cement wash was effective at a pressure of 20 lbs/in 2 but proved 
unreliable at 40 lbs /in 2 . No doubt a plain mortar coating 
would prove satisfactory in water proofing concrete at high pres- 
sures providing it be applied as just described. 

[6] 



MfcCULLOUGH — TESTS ON THE PERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE 7 

7. Waterproofing compounds that are added to the body of 

the concrete are worthless at pressures from 20 lbs/in 2 to 40 
lbs in- unless great rare be used in proportioning. 

8. Limate, when replacing 10 per cent to 22 per cent of the 
weight of cement, and Medusa AVater-proof Compound equal to 
2 per cent of the weight of the cement do not impair the com- 
pressive strength of 1:3:5 concrete. On the other hand. Aqua- 
bar equal to 4 16 per cent of the mixing water reduces the 
strength of 1:3:5 concrete by percentages varying from 36 per 
cent to 54 per cent. 



III. DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS AND MATERIAL 

Apparatus: — The apparatus which was designed for these 
tests consists essentially of eight six-inch pipes filled with con- 
crete and a pipe system connected w T ith air and w T ater reservoirs. 
Fig. 2 shows in detail the mold and attached casting and Fig. 1 
is a general drawing of the pipe system for four specimens, the 
apparatus for the remaining four specimens being the same as 
shown. 

The molds shown in elevation in Fig. 1 and in section in Fig. 
2 were six-inch wrought iron pipe, 12y 2 inches long, with a cast- 
iron flange screwed to the upper end. In order to prevent the 
passage of water between the pipe and the cement lining ten or 
twelve Y-shaped grooves were cut in each pipe, each groove ex- 
tending around the inner surface of the pipe. 

This flanged pipe was attached to the casting by means of six 
eye-holts. A %-inch pipe, 4 feet 6 inches long, was screwed into 
this casting. Each of these ^4-inch pipes w r as joined to the main 
pipe, which in turn connected with the water main and with the 
air reservoirs. The shut-off globe valves for water and air are 
shown on the pipes connecting the main pipe with the w r ater 
main and with the air reservoirs. Two cast-iron cylinders, 6V2 
inches in diameter and 4 feet 8 inches long, formed the air- 
reservoirs. They were connected with a large air-tank, not 
shown, by means of the pipe shown in Fig. 1, a shut-off globe 
valve being placed between the air-tank and air-reservoirs. 

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[8] 



McCULLOTJGH— TESTS ON THE PERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE 9 

A glass tube and attached scale graduated to hundredths of 
feet, were fastened to each %-inch pipe in order to obtain the 
water level in the pipe. The globe valve "V" was used to dis- 
connect any specimen proving defective. The %-inch pipe and 
glass tube were drained by means of the needle valve. A gage 
registered the air pressure. 

Concrete: — The proportions by volume of the concrete were 
1:3:5. the required amount of the materials being weighed on 
a scale. Xo attempt was made to secure a waterproof concrete 
by proper proportioning. On the contrary, a lean mixture was 
desirable in order to bring out the waterproofing qualities of the 
compounds. 

Stone and Sancl : — Local stone and sand and Atlas cement 
were used. The stone was a rather sandy lime-stone while the 
sand was of the fine bank variety. The mechanical analyses of 
the stone and sand are shown in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. 

^Yate)'-p^oofing Compounds: — The compounds tested, which 
were all secured through local dealers in order to obtain the 
ordinary commercial product, were Century Cement Fluid, 
Dehydratine Xo. 4, Des Moines Elaterite Xo. 60, Hydrex Water- 
proof Felt and Compound, Limate, Medusa Waterproof Com- 
pound, Siastex Waterproofing Fabric Xo. 2 and Pitch, Univer- 
sal Damp-Proof Compound, Aquabar, Antihydro, Antihydrine, 
Wunner's Bitumen- Emulsion, Coatine, and Flexible Compound. 
In nearly all cases the manufacturers, at our request, gave 
special instructions in regard to methods of waterproofing 
against the pressures used, such instructions being usually fol- 
lowed in the tests.' As the name indicates Universal D amp- 
Proof Compound is used for damp proofing and not for water- 
proofing. 



[9] 



10 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 



IV. MimiOD OF MAKING THE SPECIMENS AND OF 
PERFORMING THE TESTS 

Making the Specimens: — Materials sufficient for two speci- 
mens were first weighed out. The sand was spread out evenly 
on the mixing floor and upon this was placed the cement in a 
thin layer. Two men with shovels mixed the sand and cement 
thoroughly to an even color when a crater was made in the cen- 
ter which was filled with water. After the water was absorbed 
the mass was turned several times until the mortar was in the 
form of a thick paste. The stone which had previously been 
dampened was now spread over the mortar and the whole turned 
by two men with shovels for five minutes, water being added at 
times with a sprinkler. The consistency of the concrete was 
such that it flowed readily from a pile on the floor. A quantity 
of neat cement was now mixed with sufficient water to form a 
thick paste. 

The six-inch pipe was placed on the floor with flanged-end up 
and a loose fitting wood disk y 2 inch in thickness was dropped 
into it. A wrought iron pipe 4% inches in diameter and 5 
inches long, which had been turned on the outside to a taper, 
was centered on the wood disk. A lining of neat cement paste 
varying from 6/10 to 7/10 inches in thickness was now tamped 
into the annular space between the pipes, care being taken to 
fill the grooves in the outside pipe. This lining was carried up 
to within one inch of the top of the inner pipe, which was then 
filled with concrete to the .level of the cement lining, the con- 
crete-being tamped well with a trowel meanwhile. The inner 
pipe was now carefully drawn upward about three inches, and 
the cement lining and concrete were deposited as before. This 
operation was continued until the specimen was completed, the 
depth of concrete being about 12 inches. The manner of finish- 
ing the upper surface varied for the different types of speci- 
mens and will be described later. 

The cement lining and grooves were very effective in prevent- 
-ag water from seeping along the surface of the pipe. This was 
jhown by chipping out the concrete and the lining of several 

[10] 



McCULLOUGH — TESTS ON THE PERMEABILITY OP CONCRETE H 

specimens that had been subjected to pressure. While dam]) 
spots were found here and there in the pipe, in do case were 
they continuous. Neither was there any unusual flow between 
the concrete and the cement lining. 

A set of 8 specimens was usually made for each kind of water- 
proofing, 4 of the specimens being 1 tested at a pressure of 40 
Lbs in- and 4 at a pressure of '20 lbs in 2 . All specimens were 
first tested at pressure of 40 lbs in 2 , and. if satisfactory, no 
other specimens were made. The duration of the tests was about 
3 days, although the time was extended to 7 or 10 days in a few 
eases. In order to prevent shrinkage cracks, the specimens were 
covered with damp cloths for a few days after being made. 
The specimens were stored in air and were 35 days old when 
tested. The pressure was at all times applied to the upper or 
waterproofed surface of the concrete. 

Performing the Tests: — The specimens were securely bolted 
to the castings, an Eclipse rubber gasket being used between the 
finished faces of flange and casting. With the air valve "A" 
closed and the air valve % 'B" opened, air was admitted to the 
reservoirs until sufficient pressure was obtained. The water- 
valve was opened and water was alloved to fill the s/^-incli 
tubes. Care was taken that the pressure did not exceed that 
used in the test, this being regulated by opening the needle- 
valves. Air-valve "B'' was closed and air-valve "A" connect- 
ing with the air reservoirs was opened, thus subjecting the speci- 
mens to pressure. Usually it was necessary to drain the %-inch 
pipes through the needle valves until the water level was visible 
in the glass tubes. 

The rate of flow of the water through the concrete was ob- 
tained by noting the scale readings and the time. Pressures 
were also noted, but they showed very little decrease as the vol- 
ume of the air-reservoirs was very large compared to the volume 
of the ^4-inch pipes. Xo readings were taken for five minutes 
after the pressure was on. As the rate of flow rapidly decreased 
readings were taken at intervals of 10 or 15 minutes for the first 
few hours and then at intervals gradually increasing from 2 to 
8 hours. The bottoms of the specimens were frequently ex- 
amined and any dampness noted. 

[in 



]2 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 

The threaded joint between the 6-inch pipe and the flange- 
was the only unsatisfactory part of the apparatus. In some 
specimens considerable leakage was noticed at this joint, the 
cause no doubt being due to the springing of the joint when 
bolting the flange to the casting. When readings were taken 
these joints were always carefully examined and any leaks 
noted. The effect of this leakage has been eliminated as much 
as possible in reducing the data. Occasionally it has been neces- 
sary to throw out the entire set of readings on a specimen. This 
defect may doubtless be remedied by using a heavier flange. 

V. RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS 

The compounds that were tested may be classified as follows 
according to the manner in which they were used: 

(1) Compounds that were applied to the surface of the con- 
crete. These may be sub-divided into three classes: (a) Com- 
pounds which were applied as surface paints, as Century Cement 
Fluid, Des Moines Elaterite No. 60, Universal Damp-Proof Com- 
pound, Antihydrine, and Flexible Compound, (b) Compounds 
which were applied in layers of felt, burlap, or tarred paper 
with a cementing material, as Hydrex Waterproof Felt and Com- 
pound, Siastex Waterproofing Fabric No. 2 and Pitch, and 
Dehydratine No. 4 and common tarred roofing paper, (c) 
Coatine which is a surface coating used in the form of a thick 
layer. 

(2) Foreign ingredients that were added to the body of the 
concrete as Limate, Medusa Water-Proof Compound, and Aqua- 
bar. 

(3) Foreign ingredients that were added to a mortar coating 
as Medusa Water-Proof Compound, Aquabar, Antihydro and 
Wunner 's Bitumen-Emulsion. 

A set of specimens was made using for waterproofing an or- 
dinary mortar coating and a neat cement wash, this method of 
waterproofing being frequently made use of in reservoirs under 
a low head. In order to determine the effectiveness of water- 
proofing materials in general, a set of specimens was made in 
which the concrete was not waterproofed. 

[12] 



MfcCULLOUGH — TESTS ON THE- PERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE ^3 

Different methods, as illustrated in Pig. 3, were used in finish- 
ing the upper surface of the specimens, depending upon the 
kind of waterproofing compound used. As shown at A and B 
in Fig. 3, the concrete was finished flush with the top of the pipe, 
the upper surface of the concrete being well troweled. Before 
troweling, the specimens were allowed to stand a half hour in 
order* that the free water on the concrete might be absorbed. 



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UPPER SURFACE OF CONCRETE. 



The cement lining extends to the top of the concrete in B, while 
in A it is cut off y± inch below. In the specimens that were 
coated with mortar (see C and D of Fig. 3) the surface of the 
concrete was % of an inch below the top of the pipe. After the 
concrete had absorbed the standing water the mortar top was 
added, the surface of the concrete and the mortar being thor- 
oughly troweled. 

[13] 



14 BULLETIN OF THE ONIVERS1TY OF WISCONSIN 

In Tables III to XVI, inclusive, are tabulated the results of 
the tests. In column 1 is given the time in hours counted from 
the beginning of the test and in columns 2, 3, 4 and 5 the cor- 
responding flow for the different specimens in millionths of cu. 
ft. of water per sq. ft. of concrete surface. The corresponding 
How in pounds of water may be obtained by multiplying the 
values in the columns by the constant .0000102. Tables III, IV, 
VI, VIII, XI, XII, XIV and XVI show only a part of the data 
because of the length of the test but the data selected is typical. 

The experiments will be discussed in the same order in which 
the waterproofing compounds have been considered. In apply- 
ing all surface preparations care was taken to secure a dry clean 
surface and to have the preparation well brushed in. 

Century Cement Fluid: — This is a gray substance resembling 
caked putty, which was thinned with benzine to the consistency 
of a thick cream before being used. It is sold by the Century 
Cement Fluid Co., Madisonville, Ohio. The compound was ap- 
plied in three coats with a brush at the ages of 14, 24 and 30 
days. Only four specimens of the type shown at B in Fig. 3 
were made because of a lack of time. These were subjected to 
a pressure of approximately 20 lbs/in 2 for 263 hours and no ap- 
preciable flow was noted. 

Des Moines Elaterite No. 60: — This is a black tar-like liquid 
furnished by The Elaterite Paint & Manufacturing Co., Des 
Moines, Iowa, It is of the consistency of linseed oil and was ap- 
plied cold. Eight specimens were made similar to that shown 
at B in Fig. 3. Three coats of the compound were applied at 
the age of 15, 23 and 31 days for the specimens tested at 20 
lbs/in 2 and at the age of 10, 17 and 23 days, for those at 40 
lbs in 2 . The specimens subjected to a pressure of 20 lbs/in 2 
showed no measurable flow during the 72 hours that they were 
under pressure. The flow of the specimens subjected to a pres- 
sure of 40 lbs/in 2 was quite variable. (See Table III.) The 
duration of the test was 68 hours. Specimen No. 53 was prac- 
tically impermeable, the flow of Xo. 54 and No. 52 was moderate 
but Xo. 51 showed excessive flow. While considerable leakage 
was noted at the flanged joint of No. 51 and Xo. 52, this leak- 
age would not account for the increased flow of No. 51. Fur- 

[14] 



MfcCULLOUGH — TESTS ON THE PERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE ^5 

thermore, while the bottoms of No. 53 and No. 54 were dry at 
the end o\' the test, the bottom of No. 51 was wet and that of 
No. 52 was damp. 

Universal Damp-Proof Compound: — This is a heavy tar-like 
paint which was secured from the Universal Compound Co., No. 
ss Maiden Lane. New York City. The 8 specimens were 
of the type sketched at 1> in Pig. 3. The compound was ap- 
plied at the age of 15, 28 and 30 days for the pressure of 21 
lbs in- and at the age of 10. 16 and 26 days for the high pres- 
sure speeimens. As will be seen by referring to Table IV the re- 
sults at the 20 lbs in- pressure for a period of 251.5 hours were 
satisfactory but extremely variable. Speeimens No. 127 and 
No. 130 were practically impermeable, while speeimens No. 128 
and No. 129 showed moderate flow. Three of the four specimens 
that were tested at a pressure varying from 35 lbs/in 2 to 37 
lbs in- showed excessive flow, while considerable water entered 
the fourth specimen. (See Table V.) Moisture was noted on 
the bottom of No. 57 within 6 hours after the pressure was on, 
while No. dS and No. 56 were wet within 16 hours. Specimen 
No. 59 remained dry on the bottom during the test which con- 
tinued for 69 hours. This compound was unsatisfactory at this 
high pressure. 

Antihydrine: — This compound is manufactured by The Anti- 
hydrine Company. New Haven. Conn. It is thin tar-like liquid 
which is applied cold. Because of a lack of time only 4 speci- 
mens of the type shown at B in Fig. 3, were made. Three coats 
of Antihydrine were applied at the age of 15, 23 and 31 days. 
Under a pressure of 2Q 1 /o lbs /in 2 one of the specimens was im- 
permeable, while the flow for the remaining three was moderate. 
All the specimens were dry on the bottom at the end of the test, 
which lasted about 168 hours. (See Table VI.) These speci- 
mens were removed from the apparatus and stored for 26 days 
when they were tested at a pressure of 40 lbs /in 2 for 79 hours. 
As will be seen by referring to Table VII the flow for each of 
the specimens was very small. 

Flexible Compound: — This material, which resembles linseed 
oil in color and consistency, was secured from S. P. Holmes & 
Co.. Chicago, 111. Before applying the compound it was mixed 

[15] 



1(3 BULLETIN OF HIE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 

with white lead, the proportions being 25 pounds of lead to one 
gallon of the compound, the mixture being of a creamy consist- 
ency. A set of specimens was made similar to that shown in 
Fig. 3 at B. Three coats of the waterproofing were used; ap- 
plied at the age of 15, 23 and 30 days for the low and at 10, 16 
and 26 days for the high pressure specimens. The results at 
each pressure were very satisfactory (see Tables VIII and IX), 
the flow being small and uniform. The first set of speci- 
mens was tested at a pressure of approximately 21 lbs/in- for 
251.5 hours, and the second set at a pressure varying from 35 
lbs/in 2 to 37 lbs/in 2 for 69 hours. 

Hydrex Waterproof Felt and Compound: — These materials 
were purchased from the Hydrex Felt and Engineering Co.. 
New York City. Four specimens, similar to those shown in 
Fig. 3 at A. were treated with these compounds at the age of 
19 days. The compound was heated so that it rau readily from 
a stick and was then quickly applied with a swab in an even 
layer to the upper surface of the concrete. A sheet of felt was 
now placed on the compound and well smoothed with a brush. 
Alternate layers of compound and felt were applied until the 
specimen was covered with three thicknesses of felt and four 
layers of the compound. The sheets of felt were of sufficient 
size to extend outside of the flange. This waterproofing gave ex- 
cellent results, the specimens showing no flow whatever when 
subjected to a pressure of 40 lbs/in 2 for 163 hours. 

Siastex Waterproofing Fabric Xo. 2 and Pitch: — These ma- 
terials were obtained from the Sicilian Asphalt Paving Co., Xew 
York City. The form of specimen used and the manner of ap- 
plying the waterproofing were exactly the same as for Hydrex 
Waterproofing Felt and Compound. The specimens were treated 
at the age of 11 days. The test continued for 68 hours at a 
pressure of 39 lbs/in 2 and the specimens showed no permeability 
whatever. 

Dehydratine Xo. 4 and Tarred Roofing Paper: — Dehydratine 
Xo. 4 is manufactured by the A. C. Horn Co., New York City. 
It is a black tar-like liquid of medium consistency which was ap- 
plied cold. Tarred roofing paper similar to that found in or- 
dinary building construction was used with this compound. 

[16] 



MteCULLOUGH—TESTS ON THE PERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE ]_y 

The four specimens won 1 of the type sketched a1 A in Fig. 3, and 
the materials were applied in the same manner as was the 
Hydrex Felt and Compound with this exception. Two coats of 
Dehydratine were applied to the surface of the specimens and 
to the upper sheet of roofing paper, the first coat being quite dry 
when the second coat Avas added. As will be seen by referring 
to Table X the flow at a pressure of 40 lbs/in 2 was practically 
zero for the 66 hours that the test continued. 

Coatine: — This is a gray fibrous material resembling soft putty 
and was obtained from the H. B. Morgan Co., Grand Crossing, 
Chicago. It does not appear to harden and was still quite plas- 
tic 35 days after applying. Eight specimens were made of the 
form shown at D in Fig. 3 but with Coatine used in place of 
mortar. In order to secure adhesion between the Coatine and 
the concrete and cement lining, the surface of the latter was 
roughened with a trowel and allowed to set thoroughly before 
the Coatine w T as applied. The layer of Coatine was placed on 
the specimens at the age of 5 days, care being taken to secure a 
good joint by proper troweling. Table XI shows the flow^ for 
three specimens at a pressure of 20 lbs/in 2 for 74 hours. Speci- 
men No. 193 w r as impermeable while No. 192 and No. 195 gave 
a very slight flow. In Table XII are given the results for the 
specimens tested at an average pressure of 38 lbs/in 2 . Speci- 
men No. 200 was impermeable, No. 202 practically so, while No. 
203 showed a slight flow and No. 201 a moderate flow. How- 
ever, the needle valve of No. 201 leaked throughout the test, and 
this will account in part for the increased flow of the specimen. 

Antihydro: — This is a thin liquid, greasy in consistency and 
containing a browm sediment. It w r as secured from the F. M. 
Hausling Co., New T York City. Eight specimens were made of 
the type sIiowtl at D in Fig. 3. After the concrete had absorbed 
the water standing on its surface, the mortar coating w r as applied 
in three parts, the total thickness being % of an inch. The con- 
crete was first covered with a slush coat or grout of neat cement to 
a thickness of % of an inch. This was followed by a scratch 
coat of mortar 14 to % of an inch thick, the proportions being 
one part of cement to two parts of sand. After the initial set- 
ting of the scratch coat, the finish coat of mortar was applied, its 
2 [IT] 



lg BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 

thickness being 14 to % of an inch and the proportions one part 
of cement to one part of sand. Each coating was gaged with a 
mixture of water and Antihydro, the proportions by volume be- 
ing one part of Antihydro to 10 parts of water. Care was taken 
to thoroughly trowel each coating. The results at a pressure of 40 
lbs/in 2 were quite satisfactory as will be seen by referring to 
Table XIII. The flow was small and uniform for the different 
specimens. With the exception of specimen No. 190, which 
showed leakage at the flange joint (see Table XIV), the speci- 
mens were practically impermeable for a pressure of 20 lbs/in 2 
when continued for 141 hours. 

Plain Mortar: — Eight specimens were made similar to that 
sketched at C in Fig. 3. A %-inch mortar coat of the propor- 
tions, 1 part cement to iy 2 parts sand, was applied to the con- 
crete, the mortar being well troweled. At the age of 14 and 23 
days the surface of each specimen was painted with a coating of 
neat cement of a creamy consistency. The cement and mixing 
water were not treated with any waterproofing compounds. 
Three of the specimens that were tested at a pressure of 39 
lbs/in 2 (see Table XV) gave satisfactory results. Specimen No. 
66 showed excessive flow, dampness being noted on the bottom 24 
hours after pressure was applied. The flow was moderate for the 
three specimens that were subjected to a pressure of 19y 2 lbs/in 2 
(see Table XVI). Owing to defective apparatus it was not pos- 
sible to test specimen No. 135. 

Tests at pressures of 40 lbs/in 2 and 20 lbs/in 2 were also made 
on Medusa Water-Proof Compound, Limate, Aquabar, Wunner's 
Bitumen-Emulsion and plain concrete, but the results obtained 
were conflicting. Additional tests on these materials are de- 
sirable. 

However, these two facts were brought out : 

1. That when Medusa Water-Proof Compound, Limate and 
Aquabar were added to the body of the concrete and not in the 
form of a mortar coating, unsatisfactory results were obtained in 
45 out of 48 specimens. 

2. That all specimens of plain concrete were wet on the bottom 
either before or at the end of 3 daj^s, thus showing the effective- 
ness of some of the waterproofing discussed in this bulletin. 

[181 



McCULLOUGH— TESTS ON THE PERMEABILITY OF CON'CRETE 19 



VI. COMPRESSION TESTS OX CONCRETE. 

Concrete: — The proportions by volume of the concrete were 
1.3:5. The cement, sand, and stone used were the same that 
were described under the permeability tests. The concrete was 
machine-mixed, the following method being used except in the 
ease of Medusa "Water-Proof Compound. Sufficient sand, ce- 
ment, and stone were weighed on a scale to make 2y 2 en. ft. of 
concrete. The sand and cement were thrown into the mixer in 
the order named. The mixer was run about one minute, suffi- 
cient water being slowly added to form a stiff mortar. The stone 
was now dumped into the mixer and the whole mass turned for 
V/ 2 minutes, the water being again gradually added until the 
concrete was of a wet consistency. 

Waterproofing Compounds: — The compounds tested were Li- 
mate, Medusa Water-Proof Compound, and Aquabar. 

Making of Specimens: — The compression specimens were of a 
cylindrical form. 6 inches in diameter and 18 inches high, cast 
iron molds being used. After the molds were set up on a hori- 
zontal plate, the concrete was deposited in them in layers, it be- 
ing well stirred with a steel rod. Sufficient concrete was used so 
that after settling, its surface was slightly below the top of th ' 
cylinder. In a few days the upper surface of the concrete was 
plastered with 1 : 1 mortar, the surface of the mortar being fin 
ished flush with the top of the cylinder. Cylinders treated with 
each of the waterproofing compounds were made with 6 in each 
set. and 8 cylinders of plain concrete were made. 

Performing the Tests: — The cylinders were broken in a Riehle 
Universal testing-machine of 100.000 lbs. capacity at the ages oi 
35. 62. and 292 days. Three sheets of blotting paper were used 
at the tops and bottoms of the specimens when tested. 

Results of Experiments: — In Table XVII are given the results 
of the tests which will now be considered. 

(a) Plain Concrete: — For some unexplained reason the 
strength of the plain concrete specimens, marked P. is about 
G per cent less at 292 days than at 62 days. 

(b) Limate: — This material is a hydrated lime obtained from 

[19] 



20 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 

the Western Lime and Cement Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Four sets 
of specimens were made, the ratio by weight of Limate to the ce- 
ment for the different cylinders being 10 per cent, 14 per cent, 
18 per cent and 22 per cent, respectively. In each case the Li- 
mate replaced an equal weight of the cement. The Limate and 
cement were first thoroughly mixed dry by hand. This mixture 
with the sand was then thrown into the mixer and the mixing 
process carried on as before described. The specimens marked 
iilO, L14, etc. (see Table XVII) indicate those in which the Li- 
mate is equal to 10 per cent, 14 per cent, etc. of the weight of the 
cement. As shown in this table, the use of Limate usually in- 
creased the strength of the concrete, this effect being especially 
marked with the L10 and L14 specimens. 

(c) Medusa Water-Proof Compound: — This is a dry powder 
furnished by the Sandnsky Portland Cement Co. of Sandusky, 
Ohio. A quantity of the compound equal to 2 per cent of the 
weight of the cement was thoroughly mixed dry with the cement. 
Water was slowly added to this mixture while at the same time 
it was well troweled. The addition of water and the troweling 
were continued until the mixture was of a damp consistency. It 
was now thrown into the mixer with the sand, and the mixing 
completed as before outlined. By referring to Table XVII it 
will be seen that the cylinders (mark M) treated with this com- 
pound were stronger than those of plain concrete at correspond- 
ing ages. Furthermore, there is a decided increase in strength 
with age. 

(d) Aquabar: — This compound was obtained from the Aqua- 
bar Co., Philadelphia, Pa. This is a material in gelatine form 
which, when properly diluted, is used to temper the mortar or 
concrete. The compound was thoroughly mixed with water in 
the proportions of 2 gallons of the compound to 48 gallons of 
water. The concrete for these cylinders was mixed as before ex- 
plained with this exception, that the Aquabar solution instead of 
water was used to temper the mortar and the concrete. The re- 
sults (see Table XVII) were very unsatisfactory, the Aquabar 
specimens (mark Aq) showing from 46 per cent to 64 per cent 
of the strength of plain concrete at corresponding ages. 

[20] 



MtoCULLOUGH— TESTS ON THE- PERMEABILITY OP CONCRETE 21 



TABLE 1. 

Analysis of Local Limestone. 

Percent Voids=43.5. Wt. per cu. ft.=90.5 lbs. 



Diameter of Mesh, ins. 


Amount Re- 
tained, lbs. 


Per cent 
Passing - . 


1.25 




1.0 
2.5 
15.0 
11.0 
2.25 
4.5 
5.5 


100 


1.00 


97 6 




91.6 


50 


55 6 


.33 


29.4 


.25 


25.0 


.14 


13.2 


Residue 


10.8 







TABLE II. 
Analysis op Sand. 
Per cent Voids = 37. Wt. per cu. ft. 



94ilbs. 



Sieve Number. 


Diameter 
of Mesh. 


Per cent 
Passing - . 


i* 


.25 

.131 

.073 

.042 

A34 

.022 

.015 

.011 

.0078 

.0045 


100 


6 : 


99.5 


10 


94.3 


16 




87.5 


20 




83.9 


30 


70.0 


40 


58.0 


50 


26.0 


74 


19.5 


100 


6.7 







[21] 



22 



BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 



TABLE III. 
Permeability of Concrete Specimens Treated with Des Moines 

Elaterite No. 60. 
Pressure, 40 lbs in' 2 . Age, ?5 days. 



Time in Hours 
from Begin- 


Flow in 

TER PER 


mlllionths of cu. ft. of wa- 
Sq. Ft. of Concrete Surface. 


Remarks. 


ning of Test. 


No. 53. 


No. 54. 


No. 51. 


No. 52. 




0.0 








a 







0.2 





130 


o 







1.3 
3.3 



130 


530 
930 


II 

£3 








4.1 


130 


1060 


S* 


130 


No. 52 leaking. 


14.3 


530 


3440 


< 


530 


'• " 


15.9 


530 


3580 





930 


No. 51 leaking. 


16.8 


530 


3980 


3180 


1460 




20.9 


530 


4500 


4510 


4110 


" " 


25.7 


530 


5040 


5430 


6500 




26.7 


530 


5160 


5570 


6630 


No. 52 leaking. 


36.9 


530 


5960 


6760 


7020 


" " 


41.2 


530 


6230 


8090 


7160 




46.7 


530 


6500 


9550 


7820 




50.2 


530 


6630 


12590 


8880 


" 


60.7 


530 


7160 


22800 


10200 




67.9 


530 


7550 


27800 


10600 -J 


No. 51 wet on bottom. 
No. 52 damp on bottom 



[22] 



McCULLOUGH— TESTS ON THE PERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE 



23 



TABLE IV. 

Permeability of Concrete Specimens Treated with Universal 
Damp-Proof Compound. 

Pressure 21 lbs /in 2 . Age, 35 days. 



Time in 

Hours 

from Be- 


Flow in Millionths of Cu. Ft. of Water 
Per 9q. Ft. of Concrete Surface. 


REMARK8. 


ginning 
of Test. 


No. 128. 


No. 129. 


No. 130. 


No. 127. 




0.0 













Small leak in No. 128 & 129. 


0.3 





115 









1.0 


230 


345 









11.3 


3680 


2740 




230 


Small leak in No. 129. 


16.4 


4370 


3450 




345 


" ' 


20.5 


4720 


4140 




460 


" • 


24.8 


5060 


4950 




575 




40.4 


5980 


7140 


o 


805 




50.5 


6440 


8050 


920 




63.5 


6790 


9090 


o 


920 


" " 


84.0 


7360 


10340 




1035 




10 .3 


7940 


11500 




1035 




131.5 


!-290 


12400 




1035 




155.5 


8630 


12880 




1150 




179.5 


8860 


13100 




1150 




203.8 


9090 


13210 




1150 




227.5 


9440 


13330 




1150 




251.5 


9550 


13330 




1150 





[23] 



24 



BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 



TABLE V. 
Permeability of Concrete Specimens Treated with Universal 
Damp-Proof Compound . 
Pressure, 36 lbs/in 3 . Age, 35 days. 



Time in 
Hours 

FROM 

Begin- 


Flow in Millionthsof Cu. Ft. of 

Water per Sq. Ft. of Concrete 

Surface. 




Remarks. 


ning of 

Test. 


No. 57. 


No. 58. 


No. 56. 


No. 59. 




0.0 





o 










. 


0.4 


1720 


130 


1720 









1.0 


5570 


795 


1720 


265 






2.9 


14430 


3325 


3180 


530 






5.9 
15.7 


27500 
43100 


17100 
3S300 


16300 
39200 


2520 
15620 


1 No. 

1 No. 

No 

j No. 


56 leaking freely. 

57 wet on bottom. 
56 leaking- freely. 

56 & No. 5S wet on bottom. 


19.9 


48000 


43200 


43900 


19090 






28.4 


55900 


5 000 


g§ 


24500 






39.2 


63500 


59400 


5 -3 
aa sa 


31200 






43.6 


i.ioOXi 


61900 


-°g 


32350 






46.7 


67500 


63500 


~ •- 
-■- 

.=. 
3) » 

a$S 

r. ■ 

- X 

— — 
re 

X 


33550 






4S.3 


68600 


64300 


34100 






62.5 


76100 


71700 


39S00 






67.5 
69.3 


7S400 
79000 


73850 

74500 


41500 
42000 







[24] 



MfcCULLOUGH— TESTS ON THE TERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE 25 



TABLE VI. 

Permeability of Concrete Specimens Treated witii Antihydrine. 

Pressure, 2(H lbs/in 2 . Age, 35 clays. 



Ttme ix 

Hours 

from Be- 


Flow in Mieeionths of Cu. Ft. of Water 
per Sq. Ft. of Concrete Surface. 


Remarks. 


ginning 
OF Test. 


No. 175. 


No. 176. 


No. 177. 


No. 178. 




0.0 















0.2 















0.4 







130 







1.3 







265 







1.6 


130 




400 







.7 


400 ' 


% 


660 


530 




15.6 


1S55 




1325 


1855 


No. 178 leaking, 


27.7 


31 SO 




1990 


2920 




39.5 


3S40 


o 


2780 


3710 




49.7 


4110 


o 


3180 


4240 




63! 9 


4510 




3710 


4910 




84. 3 


4770 




3980 


5560 




107.5 


5300 




4110 


6360 




132.5 


5970 




4770 


7560 




156.1 


6500 




4910 


7950 




179.7 


6900 




5040 


S210 




204.2 


7160 




5300 


8750 




227.9 


7700 




5560 


9290 





[25] 



26 



BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 



TABLE VII. 

Permeability of Concrete Specimens Treated with Antihydrine. 

Pressure, 40 lbs /in 2 . Age, 64 days. 



Time in 
Hours 
from 


Flow in Millionths of Cu. Ft. of Water per 
Sq. Ft. of Concrete Surface. 


Remarks. 


Beginning 
of Test. 


No. 178. 


No. 177. 


No. 175. 


No. 176. 




0.0 
















0.2 
















1.0 











115 




1.8 





115 





115 




6.6 


230 


115 


460 


230 


No. 175 leaking. 


25.8 


920 


920 


2070 


690 


•' " 


31.3 


1150 


1035 


2300 


805 




47.3 


1610 


1380 


2760 


1265 




55.3 


1840 


1610 


2990 


1495 




73.8 


2300 


1840 


3450 


2070 




79.1 


2530 


1955 


3565 


2185 





[26] 



BfcCULLOUGH— TESTS ON THE? PERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE 



27 



TABLE VIII. 
Permeability of Concrete Specimens Treated with Flexible Com- 
pound and White Lead. 
Pressure, 21 lbs/ in 2 . Age, 35 days. 



Time in 
Hours from 


Flow in Miluionths of Cu. Ft. of Water per 
Sq. Ft. of Concrete Surface. 


Remarks. 


Beginning 
of Test. 


No. 132. 


No. 133. 


No. 134. 


No. 131. 




0.0 
















0.3 


130 








130 




1.0 


400 








130 




11.3 


1190 


400 


530 


530 




16.4 


1190 


530 


660 


660 




20.5 


1325 


530 


795 


660 




24.8 


1460 


795 


930 


795 




40.4 


1720 


1190 


1460 


1060 




50.5 


1720 


1325 


1590 


190 




63.5 


1990 


1590 


1855 


1325 




84.0 


2250 


2120 


2385 


1590 




108.3 


2520 


2650 


2920 


1990 




131.5 


2780 


3040 


3180 


2250 




155.5 


3050 


3440 


3440 


2520 




179.5 


3320 


3840 


3980 


2650 




203.8 


3580 


4240 


4370 


2915 




227.5 


3840 


4510 


4760 


3180 




251.5 


3980 49 

1 


5160 


3310 





[27] 



28 



BULLETIN OF* THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 



TABLE IX. 
Permeability op Concrete Specimens Treated wieh Flexible Com- 
pound and White Lead. 
Pressure, 36 lbs/in 2 . Age, 35 days. 



Time in 
Hours from 


Flow in Millionths of Cu. Ft. of Water 

per Sq. Ft. of Concrete Surface. 


Remarks. 


Beginning 
or Test. 


No. 62. 


no. 6 •: 


No. 61. 


No. 55. 




0.0 
















0.4 


230 








230 




1.0 


230 








460 




2.9 


690 








805 




5.9 


1035 


230 


115 


1380 




15.7 


1840 


345 


230 


2760 




19.9 


2185 


575 


345 


3335 




28.4 


2875 


920 


345 


4140 




39.2 


E680 


1380 


575 


5290 




43.6 


4025 


1610 


575 


5635 




46.7 


4255 


1725 


575 


5980 




48.3 


4370 


1725 


575 


6095 




62.5 


5405 


2185 


690 


7245 




67.5 


6210 


2300 


690 


7590 




69.3 


6555 


2415 


805 


7820 





[28] 



McCULLOUGH— TESTS ON THE PERMEABILITY OP CONCRETE 29 



TABLE X. 
Permeability of Concrete Specimens Treated with Deiiydratine 
No. 4 and Tarred Roofing Paper. 
Pressure, 40 lbs /in' 2 . Age, 35 days. 



Time in 
Houks 


Flow in Mielionths of Cu. Ft. of Water Per 
Sq. Ft. of Concrete Surface. 




Beginning 
of Test. 


No. 110. 


No. 107. 


No. 108. 


No. 109. 




0.0 















0.5 















1.5 















2.8 















4.8 















14.3 


230 







115 




17.3 


230 





£ 


115 




20.0 


230 





o 

5= 


115 




25.0 


230 





O 


115 




30.4 


230 







115 




41.5 


345 


115 




115 




44.0 


460 


230 




230 




52.4 


575 


345 




230 




64.0 


690 


345 




345 




66.8 


690 


460 




345 





[29] 



30 



BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 



TABLE XI. 

Permeability of Concrete Specimens Treated with Coatine. 

Pressure, 20 lbs in 2 . Age, 35 Days. 



Time in 
Hours 

FROM 


Flow in Mileionths of Cu. Ft. of Water 
Per Sq. Ft. of Concrete Sitrface. 


Remarks. 


Beginning 
of Test. 


No. 192. 


No. 194. 


No. 193. 


No. 195. 




0.0 














0.8 









130 




1.1 


130 






130 




2.8 


265 






265 




4.2 


400 






265 




5.0 


400 






265 




6.0 


400 


^ 




265 




8.5 


400 


g 


£ 


40) 




20.9 
29.7 


665 
795 


O 


o 


530 
530 




32.4 


795 






665 




44.0 


1060 






795 




53.8 


1190 






1060 




56.5 


1190 






1060 




68.0 


1190 






1060 




74.0 


1325 






1060 





[30] 



McCULLOUGH— TESTS ON THE PERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE 3 J 



TABLE XII. 

Permeability of Concrete Specimens Treated with Coatine 

Pressure, 38 lbs /in' 2 . Age, 35 days. 



Time in 

Hours 

from Be- 


Flow in Millionths of Cu. Ft. of Water 
Per Sq. Ft. of Concrete Surface. 


Remarks 


ginning 
of Test. 


No. 203. 


No. 200. 


1 
No. 202. 


No. 201. 




0.0 















0.2 


130 




130 







o.s 


130 




265 


130 




1.5 


265 




530 


265 




5.0 


530 




795 


1060 




8.8 
22.5 


530 

530 





795 

795 


1460 
2920 


No. 201 leaking. 


24.2 
40.2 


795 
795 





795 

795 


3050 

3580 


No. 201 continued to leak 
throughout the test. 


48.1 


930 




795 


3840 




62.6 


930 




795 


4110 




72.1 


1195 




795 


4770 




96.9 


1195 


795 


5960 




120.8 


1460 




795 


7290 




144.7 


1590 




795 


8210 





[31] 



32 



BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 



TABLE XIII. 

Permeability of Concrete Specimens Treated with Antihydro. 

Pressure, 40 lbs /in*. Age, 35 days. 



Time in 

Hours 

from Be- 


Flow in Millionths of Cu. Ft. of Water per 
Sq. Ft. of Concrete Surface. 




ginning 
of Test. 


No. 106. 


No. 104. 


No. 105. 


No. 103. 




0.0 
















0.5 


930 


660 


460 


1190 




1.5 


1990 


1590 


1325 


2250 




2.8 


2520 


1990 


1720 


2520 




4.8 


2920 


2250 


2250 


2780 




14.3 


3320 


2520 


2915 


3040 




17.3 


3320 


2520 


3040 


3040 




20.0 


3320 


2520 


3040 


3040 




25.0 


3440 


2520 


3180 


3040 


Small leak in No. 105. 


30.4 


3440 


2650 


3310 


3180 




41.5 


3580 


2650 


3580 


3310 


" " 


44.0 


3580 


2650 


3710 


3310 


" " '• 


52.4 


3710 


2650 


4640 


3440 


" " 


64.0 


3840 


2720 


5430 


3580 


" '• 


66.8 


3840 


2720 


5560 


3580 





[32] 



McCULLOUGH— TESTS ox THE PERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE 



33 



TABLE XIV. 

Permeability of Concrete Specimens Treated with Axtiiivdko. 

Pressure, 20 lbs 'in 2 . Age, 35 days. 



TlME IX 
HOFR^FROM 


Flow in Mieeionths of Ctj. Ft. of Water 
per Sq. Ft. of Concrete Surface. 


Remarks. 


Beginning 












of Test. 


No. 189. 


No. 191. 


*No. 190. 


No. 188. 




0.0 
















0.2 


345 


345 


460 


345 




0.4 


575 


690 


690 


345 




O.S 


920 


920 


1150 


1265 




2.2 


13S0 


1150 


1725 


1610 




3.7 


1610 


1150 


1840 


1840 




5.5 


1725 


1150 




1955 




16.7 


1955 


1150 




2300 




21.7 


2070 


1150 


3220 


2415 




2t3.2 


2070 


1150 


3340 


2415 




29.2 


2070 


1150 


3450 


2415 




40.6 


2070 


1150 


3910 


2415 




50.2 


2070 


1150 


4260 


2530 




64.7 


2070 


1150 


4950 


2530 




66.7 


2070 


1150 


5060 


2530 




140.8 


2070 


1150 


5060 


2530 





*No. 190 leaked throughout the test, 



[33] 



3-4 



BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN- 



TABLE XV. 
PERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE SPECIMENS TREATED WITH PLAIN MORTAR. 

Pressure, 39 lbs/in 2 . Age, 35 Days. 



Time in 
Hours 

FROM 


Flow ra Mileionths of Cu. Ft. of Water 
per Sq. Ft. of Concrete Surface. 


Remarks. 


Begin- 
ning or 
Test. 


No. 63 


No. 64. 


No. 65. 


No. 66. 




0.0 
















0.4 


805 


460 


460 


1495 




1.7 


1950 


1380 


1380 


4370 




4.9 


2530 


1950 


1S40 


9200 




14.9 


3105 


2640 


21S5 


19200 




19.4 


3340 


28S0 


2300 


24400 




24.2 


3450 


3110 


2300 


25250 


No. 66 damp on bottom. 


2S.0 


3450 


3220 


2415 


27C00 




37.4 


36S0 


3450 


2415 


30400 


No. 66 wet on bottom. 


42.1 


3680 


3680 


2415 


31600 




47. S 


3800 


3800 


2530 


33000 




50. S 


3S00 


3910 


2530 


33700 




62.1 


3910 


4140 


2530 


35900 




67.8 


4030 


4160 


2530 


36900- 





[34] 



McCDLLOUGH — TESTS ON THE rERMEAPILITY Or CONCRETE 



35 



TABLE XVI. 
Permeability of Concrete Specimens Treated with Plain Mortar. 

Pressure, 19£ lbs /in 2 . Age, 85 days. 



Time in 
Hours 

FROM 


Flow in M 

sq. 


[llionths of ctt. ft. of water per 
Ft. of Concrete Surface. 


Remarks. 


Beginning 
or Test. 


No. 135. 


No. 136. 


No. 137. 


No. 138. 




0.0 














0.3 




660 


O 

c 


660 




o.s 

1.2 




660 
795 


o 

T. 

-i-2 


1325 

1590 




3.0 




1190 


e3 


1990 




4.6 
5.9 


o 
O 


1460 
1720 


a 

< 




2250 
2520 




9.1 


J3 


1850 


1460 


27S0 




20.3 


o 


2120 


1720 


3440 




26.3 


3 


2250 


1720 


3710 




32.5 


08 


2250 


1990 


3710 




43.5 


< 


2250 


2120 


3980 




48.2 




2250 


2250 


4110 




56.3 




2250 


2380 


4240 




67.7 




2250 


2520 


4510 




80.3 




2250 


2780 


4770 




93.1 




2250 


2780 


5040 





[35] 



36 



I'.IIJ.KTIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 



TABLE XVII. 

Effect of Waterproofing Compounds on the Compressive Strength 

of 1 : 3 : 5 Concrete. 





Ultimate Compressive Strength in Lbs /in 2 . 


Specimens. 


Age, 35 days. 


Ag-e, 62 days. 


Age, 292 days. 






Average. 




Average. 




Average. 


p 


940 

780 




1110 
1160 




1330 

880 
930 
1140 

620 




p 






p 








p 




860 




1135 


1070 


Aq. 


570 
530 

1110 
960 

1130 
1050 

1040 
860 

1000 
750 

970 
890 


480 
570 

1200 
1180 

1270 
1320 

1000 
1190 

1250 

10.0 

1090 
1160 




Aq. 


550 


525 


620 


L10 


1240 
1210 

1130 

1300 

1040 
1020 

1340 
1140 

*1270 
1220 




L10 
L14 


1035 


1190 


1225 


L14 
L18 


1090 


1295 


1215 


L18 
L22 


950 


1095 


1030 


L22 
M 


875 


1140 


1240 


M 


930 


1125 


1245 



*This specimen was broken by mistake at age of 224 days. 



[36] 



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